| 1. Forecast Demand |
Day-ahead and intraday |
Historical load, weather, calendar effects, industrial schedules, electric-vehicle charging patterns |
Estimate net demand and identify expected peak and ramp periods |
15-minute to 1-hour forecast intervals; 24–48-hour planning window |
Reserve sufficient energy for the forecast peak and unexpected deviations |
A dispatch plan aligned with anticipated demand rather than real-time reaction only |
| 2. Forecast Renewable Output |
Minutes to 48 hours |
Solar irradiance, cloud cover, wind speed, temperature, curtailment limits, historical production |
Estimate renewable surplus or deficit relative to load |
Forecast updates commonly every 5–15 minutes for real-time control |
Charge during surplus when SOC is below the upper operating limit |
Reduced renewable curtailment and improved use of locally generated energy |
| 3. Calculate Net Load |
Real time to 15 minutes ahead |
Electricity demand minus renewable generation, grid import/export, frequency, and voltage measurements |
Determine whether the system requires charging, discharging, or standby operation |
Net-load updates at 1–5-minute intervals are common in active control systems |
Use available energy only after accounting for conversion losses and reserve requirements |
A continuously updated power-balance signal for the energy-management system |
| 4. Dispatch Charging Power |
Seconds to 15 minutes |
Available renewable power, electricity price, transformer capacity, battery SOC, and charge limits |
Set battery charging power while respecting inverter and interconnection limits |
0 to rated charge power; ramp rates commonly limited to protect equipment and the grid |
Typical operating target: charge toward 80–90% SOC, subject to the battery control strategy |
Absorption of surplus generation without exceeding thermal, voltage, or power limits |
| 5. Dispatch Discharging Power |
Sub-second to 15 minutes |
Net load, frequency deviation, peak threshold, market signal, reserve commitment, and SOC |
Release active power to reduce peak demand or correct a supply shortfall |
Response can range from sub-second frequency support to sustained multi-hour discharge |
Maintain a lower SOC floor commonly between 10% and 20% to protect usable reserves |
Lower grid imports, reduced peak loading, and improved balance between generation and demand |
| 6. Manage SOC and Energy Reserves |
Continuous; reviewed every control interval |
Cell voltage, temperature, current, estimated SOC, state of health, and reserve obligations |
Adjust charge or discharge commands to preserve safety, availability, and future flexibility |
Operational SOC band often 10–90%; narrower bands may be used to extend battery life |
Keep dedicated upward and downward reserves instead of using all available energy |
Stable battery availability and reduced risk of unexpected reserve depletion |
| 7. Coordinate Feeder and Grid Limits |
Milliseconds to 15 minutes |
Voltage, current, transformer loading, protection settings, power factor, and interconnection limits |
Cap or reprioritize battery commands to avoid congestion and equipment overload |
Operate within the approved import/export capacity and voltage operating envelope |
SOC is preserved for local constraints that may occur later in the operating period |
Improved power quality and compliance with distribution-system operating limits |
| 8. Verify and Reoptimize |
Every 1–15 minutes, with faster protection actions |
Actual versus forecast load, battery response, SOC error, alarms, temperatures, and renewable deviations |
Recalculate the dispatch schedule and correct forecast or measurement errors |
Continuous closed-loop control with automatic alarm and fail-safe functions |
Correct SOC estimation drift and maintain required minimum and maximum limits |
More accurate balancing, fewer unnecessary cycles, and safer long-term operation |
EnerNova Charger
